Causes And Consequences Of Child Trafficking As Expressed By Married, Adults

INTRODUCTION

Background to the Study
Trafficking of children is synonymous with exploitation child labour. By definition, child trafficking involves agents for the illegal movement of human beings for illicit commercial and business dealings. Based on current knowledge (Out, 2003), Nigeria is a major supplier, consumer and also a transit route for human trafficking. Million of children driven into different types of exploitative labour often become the most vulnerable groups (UNICEF, June 2002).
In Nigeria and as in the other countries of the sub-region, there are strong demands for the girl-child as domestic house helps assisting couples to bring up their children for a fee (Odunda, 2002). Many of these children are also engaged as workers in the many bars, eateries and hotels in the major cities. For instance, Abuja child traffickers draw their victims from Kaduna, Benue and Kogi State. Many of these children “graduate” from these duties into prostitutes. According to Out (2003), in 1996, some 4000 children were trafficked from Cross River State to various parts of the country and beyond these were mostly used as labours in the coca and other plantations in South-Western Nigeria and Ivory Coast. Some of them were taken through Oron on hazardous ocean journey to Gabon. Other were taken through Mfum and Obudu to work in the cocoa plantations in Cameroon. These Akwa Ibom and Cross River routes are also patronized by South Easterners, who control most of the retail trade outlets in Gabon. However, the most sophisticated and targeted at the sex trade in Europe are traffickers from Edo State (Diana, 1985). The glamour displayed by a few returnee victims and other factors have combined to make trafficking business very lucrative and difficult to eradicate.
It is also found out many parents in Nigeria now persuade their daughters to rush for what they ignorantly perceived as gold mining and opportunity for making a lot of moneys (Out, 2003). Unfortunately, so many reports in the National Dailies and magazines showed that some very particular portions of the country have almost been eaten up by this ugly act. For example, Olowolabi (1999) stated, until the recent repatriation, stories about Edo girls working as prostitutes in Italy and other foreign countries had been widely and frequently bandies about. And for non-residents of the state, such stories had been treated as fairly tales. But for those in the ancient city of Benin, the migration to Italy by their woman for commercial sex enterprise is a decade old reality.
Olowolabi (1999) also said that out of 743 Nigerians deported recently, 65 were indigenes of Edo State, two from Imo, two from Anambra, two from Delta, one from Imo, one fro Cross River and one from Osun and The Punch Newspaper 27,200 under the caption. How is prostitution in Edo State? As reported by Odunuga (2000) noted that for every repatriation of trafficking in child from Europe especially Italy, in the last three years, at least 70 percent of young girls were Edo indigenes. This means that, the menace has eaten deep down into the fabrics of the nation generally and Edo State in particular.
Despite the knowledge of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and the sharp rise in sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs), the rate of female prostitution has dramatically increased in the society and trafficking of children (girls) for prostitution has become the order of the day in Nigeria. For instance, Egua (2000) reported that, there are not less than 10,000 Nigerian girls involving prostitution in Rome and the neighbouring regions. During the interview session with the Nigerian Ambassador to Italy, Chief Jack Okpoyo, he stated that, prostitution in the country (Italy) by Nigerian girls, mostly of Edo State origin, was causing a lot of embarrassment to the Nigerian Authorities and affecting relationship between the two countries.
In spite of the fact that in many societies the traditional attitudes towards trafficking in child as defined by region and custom is basically immoral. The sales of commercial service thrive well because there is a ready market for it. Therefore, the child trafficking profession has come to stay in almost every society. Bearing in mind the dramatic increase in trafficking of children, Nigerian young girls’ troop though all possible means to Italy and other foreign countries. Just as people in various fields of work have the reasons that, motivate them to such profession and it varies from one profession to another, while some may be for economic factors, others may be for social status and many other factors, so also the prostitutes claim to have reasons.
According to Olowolabi (1999), for those who successfully find their ways out of the country, coping with life in Italy is akin to walking in the shadow of death. According to reported published in Echo News, a magazine of Nigeria affairs in Italy, many of Nigerian girls have been assassinated by either angry clients or unknown assailants. Many of them too have died of sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) including Aids (Akinpelu & Yusuf, 2004). If then the above statement is true, why do these young girls still offer themselves for trafficking? The first lady of Edo State, Her Excellency Mrs. Eki Igbinedion in “The Punch” Newspaper of October 27, 2000 under the heading “How is prostitution in Edo State?” said the entire society should be blamed. The widespread poverty in the land, she opined, led to outright break down in family values and social disorientation arising from cultural alienation. The desire to belong and search for self-identification. The desire to belong and search for self-identity have led to frenzy – the lure for crass materialism. Hence, when Europe beckoned, even with all the trappings, like AIDS, death etc, many young girls fell for it and some were perhaps pushed into it by their parents in anticipation of the dollar rain.
Trafficking of young girls for prostitution out of Nigeria has never been restricted to one geographical or ethnic area, but it is more province within a particular ethnic group that is Edo girls. For instance, Nigeria Ambassador to Italy wrote a letter to the Edo State House of Assembly to do something to stop their young girls from trooping out of the country to Italy for prostitution, which shows that if necessary actions are not taken by the Edo State government and the Federal government to stop the act of child trafficking and women trafficking this will continue to bring more embarrassment to the state and the country at large, and many people will contract sexually transmitted diseases, including AIDs, since the prostitutes harbour all these venereal diseases. It therefore means that, unless the governments act fast to stop trafficking of young adults for prostitution, labouring, or any other means and look into the root, the number will continue to increase (Akinpelu and Yusuf, 2004).
Trafficking in persons, particularly women and teenagers for the purpose of sexual exploitation and forced labour, has become a phenomenon of global dimension. In Europe alone, it is estimated that around 500,000 young girls per year are trafficked from poorer regions in the world. Sexual factors account for the desire of children to look for in other countries. Among these are children unequal rights and access to formal labour, children’s restricted abilities to gain power over their own lives in their home countries for want of a better phase which can be called increasing feminization of poverty (WOTCLEF, 2000).
For those involved, trafficking, especially in children, has become a very profitable activity. The United Nations estimates that they make more than seven billion dollars annually from trafficking in human beings. Trafficking in human beings particularly children is now variously conceived and approached as: a moral, criminal, migration human rights, also becoming, obvious that since trafficking is an international phenomenon, international cooperation in combating it is also imperative (WOTCLEF, 2000). Trafficked children are commodities they are bought, sold and transported according to supply and demand. The victims can be as young as 5 years old. In October, 1999, the 110 international programme on the Elimination of Child labour (IPEC) with the financial support of the United States Department of Labour (USDL) launched a major sub-regional programme to combat child trafficking for labour exploitation in west name’s latest report. “When she (the intermediary) came, she gave me 25,000 (us dollars) to take care of any children. She promised to find my son a job and said that I would receive some money every month. Thanked God, because I thought that I had at last found a way to take care of seven children. I had no idea what she really had in mind for my child”. This lament by a Togolese mother reflects perhaps the most typical form of child trafficking in west and Central Africa. But the cause is by no means exceptional. Nigeria reports that in 1996, some 4,000 children were trafficked children between 1995 and 1999? (NAPTIP, 2003).
In Sokoto State, Nigeria, kidnapped children were sold for amount ranging form 50,000 to 100,000 naira or America dollars 500 to 1,000, to be used as labourers or as ritual sex objects. In addition, it is clearly understandable that, Nigeria is now a “victim” of child trafficking and other forms of trafficking, mostly for force labour, but also for sexual exploitations servitude and slavery. Some recent developments are also providing indications that trafficking might be carried on for ritual purposes and for the purpose of organ transplant (WOTCLEF, 2000).
A paper presented at a two day workshop for law enforcement officers 27th – 28th of February, 2006 at Ilorin Kwara State by U.S. Haruna, LLB (Hons), BL, LLM, Stated: This time around, not through the brutal raids of the early medieval slave dealers, but through a subtle means of deceit and enticement and sometimes, through the abuse of the position of authority. This practice came to public awareness in Nigeria in the early 2000 through the instrumentality of some SGOs particularly women Trafficking and Child Eradications Foundation (WOTCLEF) who pioneered the campaign against trafficking in persons. Subsequently Nigeria signed and ratified the trafficking protocol supplementing the Transnational organized crime convention otherwise known as paemo convention in 2000.
It is interesting to note however, that our existing penal legislations variously provide against these practices and allied of fences such as kidnapping, slavery, adduction etc that the United Nations Protocol seeks to address. The provisions are not wholistic in addressing the multidimensional nature of trafficking persons. Coupled with this, the laws were lamely enforced and prosecuted either because the victims were persuaded by personal reasons not report or that the traffickers employed sophisticated method to beat the law.
Trafficking in persons (prohibition) Law Enforcement Administration Act 2003 and the subsequent establishment of a national agency is the national response to the growing wave of human right abuses associated with the modern day slavery. The law is the domestication of the trafficking protocol. The law which was promulgated in July, 2003 seeks to deal with the obnoxious business of trade in human beings. It is a comprehensive piece of legislation aimed at fighting trafficking in persons and other allied offences (both internal and external trafficking) in its entire ramification. It did not only create offences with stiff penalties but also established an administrative structure and an entity known as National Agency for prohibition of Trafficking in person and other related matters (NPTIP) to administer and enforce the law. The agency is heated by an executive secretary and has four specialized units, namely, investigation, legal, public enlightenment, and the counselling and rehabilitation.
The agency is empowered among others to enforce the due administration of the Act as well as coordination of all laws on trafficking in persons and related offences and the enforcement of those laws as well as adopting measures to increase the effectiveness of eradication of trafficking in persons. A comprehensive trafficking law will provide an additional tool for addressing the problem without losing the existing mechanisms. It will also permit more effective tracking of cases and record keeping, improve administrative coordination, and provide a model for local legislation at the state level, provide adequate protection and assistance for trafficked person’s adequate protection and assistance for trafficked generally (WOTCLEF, 2000).
The researcher mindful of the menace of child trafficking attempts to investigate the causes and consequences of child trafficking as perceived by adults in Ilorin metropolis.

Statement of the Problem
Despite the public condemnation of child trafficking the rush for these western countries mostly to Italy in Europe amongst the young girls between 12 and 19 years of age has remained an obsession (Odunnuga, 2000). From all indications, the reason is not far fetched from the fallouts of the economic recession that the nation (Nigeria) has experienced especially in the last one decade and in particular the past 2 years of global economic melt down.
Although, poverty and joblessness are inclusive, family setting and other factors too are strong contributory factors. To support this, Olowolabi (1999) reported that, “among the recent deportees are some girl who had not spent more than two months in Italy. Joy, a 24 years old girl falls into this category. Tell Magazine learnt that she left Nigeria only in January 1999. Before she could make the journey, her parents sold some of their household items and portions of their farmland to offset her traveling expenses. Their calculation was after about six months; their daughter would send dollars home.
Some of these parents do not even give up after the deportation of their daughters as some a long way in making further arrangement. A parent even used her building plan as a collateral for the money she borrowed is Adjoba originally comes from the village of Bondonkou (Cote .d’ Ivoire), but has lived in Abidjan since the fifties. She is a widow and has four adult children without a fixed job, she ties to pay monthly rent of N17,500 by peddling at the district market. If this fails to provide enough to live, how can she manage? By recruiting young girls aged 7 to 15 years with promise of help preparing for marriage. Then, she offers their services as domestics. The elderly woman collects their salaries every month. When the girls reach puberty, she may be returned to her village where Adjiba contributes to the girl’s dowry.
The causes of child started pointing accusing fingers on people who are putting in their best in fighting against further existence of the illegal trade. To support this, Odunuga (2000) said, some parents have accused Eki (the wife of Edo State Governor) of truncating the “genuine” efforts being made by these children to live a better life”. It has also been discovered that these trafficked young girls and boys who are now full time international prostitutes, domestic services, workers in manufacturing industries and sweatship likely done in India and Pakistan are well respected at home when they pay visit during festivities such as Christmas. They are popularly referred to as “Italos”. They build fanciful houses in places like government reservation Area (GRA) and in big cities and towns. The parents of “Italos” in most communities are now being honoured with chieftaincy titles (Olowolabi, 1999). This ugly situation has then called for Government intervention, organization bodies and people in general to fight against this. The wife of the vice president of Nigeria, Alhaja Titi Atiku Abubakar is working against this under an NGO (WOTCLEF) which she heads and she is doing her possible best to launch this (WOTCLEF) in every part of the country to fight against the incidence of child trafficking. She is sponsoring an NTA programme titled ‘Zero” which is an enlightening programme to the public on child trafficking. Also on the 21st of February 2005, she launched her (WOTCLEF) in Bayelsa State which she believed having it in all state capitals would be source of facing the problem of child trafficking squarely.
The efforts of some researchers also cannot be over emphasized. Some researchers have worked extensively such as Akinpelu & Yusuf, (2004) which carried out their research work on the “factors influencing trafficking in Nigerian” Out (2003) also worked on “causes, consequences and the way forward of child trafficking for commercial, business dealings and labour”. These and many other researchers also have done lots of work on this issue that is eaten up the dignity of childhood. In spite of all these efforts by various NGO’s governmental organizations and researchers, the problem seems not to be solved or decreased. This motivated the researcher of the need to find out the caused and consequences of child trafficking as perceived by adults in Shaki West Local Government Area, Oyo State.

Research Questions
The study is designed to examine the causes and the consequences of child trafficking using the following researcher questions.
(1) What are the causes of child trafficking?
(2) What are the consequences of child trafficking?
(3) Does religion have any influence on respondents’ perception of the causes of child trafficking?
(4) Does family type have any influence on respondents’ perception of the causes of child trafficking?
(5) Does gender have any influence on respondents’ perception of the causes of child trafficking?
(6) Does Educational background have any influence on respondents’ perception of the causes of child trafficking? For the purpose of this research work. These questions are to be answered.

Research Hypotheses
From the above research question, the following research hypotheses have been formulated for testing.
(1) There is no significant difference in the causes of child trafficking as perceived by adults in Shaki West Local Government Area, Oyo State on the basis of gender.
(2) There is no significant difference in the consequences of child trafficking as perceived by adults on the basis of religion.
(3) There is no significant difference in the causes of child trafficking as perceived by adults on the basis of education background.
(4) There is no significant difference in the consequences of child tracking as perceived by adults in Oyo Shaki West Local Government Area, Oyo State on the basis of family type and education background.

Significance of the study
The study became necessary now more than ever before, mainly because of the high rate of trafficking of children generally and specifically trafficking of children in Ilorin for prostitution or other forms of sexual exploitation forced labour or services or slavery.
According to Egua (2000), Blacks especially Nigerian girls are best known all over the regions of Italy for the booming trade in prostitution. Okpoyo (2000) also for that the total number of Nigerian girls particularly from Edo States origin prostituting in Italy is over 10,000. In addition to this, the chairman of Ilorin South Local Government Area, who was trying to rehabilitates the prostitute during their pilgrimage to Mecca, commented thus; we felt embarrassed by the increasing rate of Nigeria prostitutes in Saudi Arabia and we would do our best to draw the attention of the Federal Government to this stain. He went further to say, as Kwarans we were unhappy that some of them were lured into sex trade in the Holy land. The fact sheet produced by UNICEF (2000), stated that; boys are mostly trafficked from Kwara to Togo as far as Mali to work on the plantation.
The study will be significant in the sense that it may help in enlightening the children and their parents of the dangers of this act. For example, a report published in “Echo News”. A magazine of Nigerian affairs in Italy as contained in the Tell magazine of July 5, 1999, stated that, many Nigerian children have been assassinated by either angry client of unknown assailants. Many of them too have died of sexual Transmitted Diseases (STDs) and AIDS. Also, the anti-slavery reporter of September, 1997 says that new trafficking routes are opening up from the Horn of Africa. In the absence of protective gear (Masks, Gloves e.t.c), children working on the tea and coffee plantations in some districts of Kenya fall ill regularly (Sunday Nation 5th January, 1997).
The study will also be significant in the sense that it may proffer meaningful suggestions on how handle the causes of child trafficking among these young and promising children. As such this study might enlighten the parents and enrich their understanding on the consequences of allowing their children to be trafficking out of the country and consequently make them to be equipped with adequate knowledge required in the upbringing and training of their daughters to become fit into the society norms and demand required of a child, to become responsible and respectable children as dictated or spelt out in Holy Books that is Quran and the Bible.
A large percentage of the populace believe that trafficking in children was ignited be unemployment. As such, this study may help to give adequate advice to be government on the necessity of job creation for the young ones especially the young graduate and even the less priviledged that cannot afford to go to school. Therefore, a study of causes and consequences of child trafficking is important and significant not only because of the health, social, economic and possibly psychological repercussions, but because it has brought embarrassment to Nigeria in the recent times. Also, counsellors might benefit from the results of this study that it will enable them to understand better the problem of trafficking of children, various causes, its prevalence, consequences and attitude towards the social evil and why young adults are involved in it. The information obtained from the study might better equip the counsellors, parents, NGOs, stakeholders, government and interested bodies that might want to wage war against this ugly act. Thus, counsellors will be equipped to counsel the children on trafficking problems and the consequences of it.
This is of significant importance because many children get involved in child trafficking due to lack of proper counselling.
Lastly, the study will give adequate information relating to the major causes of child trafficking to those non-governmental bodies that are trying to wage war against the act and consequently beating about in the bush.
Operational Definition of Terms
The following terms are defined in this study to aid readers understanding.
Child: A person below the age of 18 years.
Victim(s): As used in the act connotes the trafficked and exploited children.
Trafficker: The person who is involved in act of trafficking in persons.
Minors: – These are teenagers between the ages of 12 to 16 years old trafficked for second slavery in foreign countries.
Pimps: These are men who trade on or control prostitutions. They get the clients and take charge of their earnings. They are more or less like contractors, lovers, protectors and trainers to them.
Italo: Italy based sex worker who have returned after earning some money working as prostitutes or other forms of sexual exploitation in Italy.
Child trafficking: – The indiscriminate mass movement of children whether voluntary or involuntary out of the country to other foreign countries for prostitution or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs.

Scope of the Study
This study investigated the causes and consequences of child trafficking as perceived by adults in Shaki West Local Government Area, Oyo State metropolis. In this respects, the subject comprises the different possible causes and consequences alone.
In terms of geographical coverage, the study will be limited and therefore limited to the defined target population of both sexes amongst married and single adults randomly drawn from the area. And, the study is going to be limited to the use of questionnaire. Also, the bodies since this great social embarrassment began will also be looked into briefly.