Comparative Study Of Secretarial Profession In Yesterday And Today

INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The introduction of the secretarial profession is as old as man and nature. The role arose out of the natural need for a prominent person to whom confidential matters could be entrusted and who could act as an assistant for a principal.
It is known that secretaries existed in Rome prior to the establishment of the empire. They were usually educated men who took dictations as “scribes” and often times acted as trusted advisors.
Before the invention of parchment and reed pens, tools of the trade for scribes ranged from chisels used upon stones to styluses used on clay, wood or wax tablet. Events and works of great men during that time were recorded in one form or the other. Like Alexander the great said, “reliable records shows that the present day secretary came from the genesis whose oldest is ‘penman’.
The first personnel officer trained was stylishly called ‘penman’ and this art is known as ‘penmanship’. The penman originally used quill feathers as pen in making fanciful writings. Other classes of secretaries emerged after the penman called ‘the writer’ and constituted themselves into what may be regarded as “chartered secretaries” who rendered useful service to individuals and organizations that requires their services.

A Brief History of Shorthand and Typewriting
According to new encyclopedia Britannica (1990:1052) noted that most historians date the beginnings of shorthand with the Greek historian euphony, who used an ancient Greek recording the memories of Socrates. it was in the roman empire however, that shorthand first became generally used. Marcus tallies tiro, a learned freedman who was a member of cicero’s household, invented the tironians notes – which was the first Latin shorthand system. It was devised in 63 B.C. it lasted over a thousand years. t he Latin triennia shorthand became popular enough to be compiled into shorthand dictation and used by emperors and learned clergymen in speed writing contents.
As a result, a number of shorthand systems were invented. In 1837 Isaac Pitman published his first Latin edition of the art. In 1840, the second edition of his work appeared, under the title ‘photography or writing by sound, being also a new and natural system of shorthand”. His work which was in different forms include Pitman’s shorthand Instructor and Key; New Era; Pitman 2000 and Pitman Script. “The light line photographic of John Greeg was also published in 1888. Soon after their publication, these systems started to flourish in America and have now spread tentacles to almost every country of the world.
Before the invention of the typewriter, all written material was done by hand-writing. William Austine Bunt invented the first typewriter in the United States of America (U.S.A0 in 1829. The machine, which he invented, wrote slower than a biro pen. However, in 1874 Christopher Sholes introduced a machine, which was faster than a biro pen. At the period under review, the typewriter keyboard was arranged alphabetically, and the improved version was made in 1872 for convenience reasons.
Naturally, typewriters invention changed the cause of things for the secretaries because they started to learn how to manipulate it with their.
In early modern times, members of the nobility had secretaries who were always men, who had command of several languages, including Latin, and were required t have what we could consider today as broad generalized education.
As commerce and trade expanded people of wealth and power needed secretaries, confidants and trusted agents, to handle correspondence on private or confidential matters, most particularly matters of state. Men continued to dominate the secretarial field.
Secretarial profession underwent another evolution with the coming of the World War II in the Year 1940, when the men were drafted into the armed forces and only the women were left behind to carry on the secretarial jobs. Since that time, secretarial profession all over the world had been feminine in nature with men getting into it considered largely as intruders.
Recognizing that continuing education was imperative to career success, a group of secretaries in America’s heartland became the nucleus of an organization that would help to professionalize the occupation. In 1942, the National Secretarial Association (NSA) now known a International Association of Administrative Professionals was formed. NSA first administered the certified professional examination, a standard of excellence for the profession in 1951.
Sir Frederick Lord Lugard (the first Governor General of Nigeria) who brought his wife to assist him in keeping and storing important documents introduced the secretarial profession in Nigeria in 1914. Today it has generally spread everywhere throughout the country. Every organization now has a person who takes care of important and confidential documents in the name of a secretary.
Akintola (1992) had it that the profession of stenographers was a male affair up till the 1950’s few women were found in the profession and these were expatriate executives. These male stenographers were never placed as Confidential Secretaries rather only the female expatriates were given such opportunities because their language was used, secondly, they were well trained for the skills before coming to Nigeria. He further stated that by 1960, the expatriates left Nigeria while some Nigerian men and women on training replaced their positions. Lectures, seminars and workshops were organized for secretaries.

The Definition of Secretary
The word “secretary” ultimately cam from the same Latin word “Sectrum” meaning secret. Originally, it meant, “one entrusted with secrets and confidence of a superior”. In Middle English, it was secretaries and in Middle Latin, it was Secretarius. In France from 13th to the 16th century, the word secretaries meant a confidant. It also became an administrative term meaning “someone who transcribes or arranges for another”.
By 1847, the definition in the First Millennium Webster Dictionary was greatly expanded. “Secretary” – (1) A person employed by a public body or by a company or by an individual, to write orders, letters, dispatches, public or private papers, records and the like.
Secretary – (2) An officer whose business is to manage the affairs of a particular department of government as the secretary of state.
Today, the word “secretary” is commonly stereotyped to mean a “person who types correspondence” or a “dictation taker”. To better describe the administrative and information management functions of today’s office support staff, the term “administrative professionals” is recommended as blanked term for office support staff by the International Association of Administrative Professionals (IAAP).

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This research work intends to compare secretarial profession of yesterday and today and effect of education, training, working conditions and the modern technology on the profession.

1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study is essentially significant in the following ways;
i. It will highlight some of the differences between secretaries of yesterday and today.
ii. The findings from his investigation will enhance the image of secretaries and thus place them in their rightful position along other officers.
iii. The outcome of this study will be beneficial to all practicing secretaries who are already in the system.
iv. Another set of people that will benefit from this study are all student secretaries all over the country. It will enhance the overall performance of the student secretaries because they will be convinced on the importance of this profession.
v. Finally, the findings from the research will ensure a concrete perception of the secretarial profession by the general public.

1.4 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The purpose of the comparative study of secretarial profession in Nigeria yesterday and today concentrated on Ibeto Group of Companies Nnewi. The researcher principally aims at investigating the relationship between the old secretarial profession and the present one, for the purpose of revealing the differences and suggesting improvements if necessary. The study will also state clearly how the present or modern secretary outwits the past secretary.

1.5 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
This research work was carried out to compare the secretarial profession of yesterday and today. The study could have been extended to cover other organizations in Anambra State but in view of the huge financial requirement involved coupled with the short period within which to complete the project, the researcher was compelled to limit the scope of the research to only Ibeto Group of Companies Nnewi.

1.6 RESEARCH QUESTION For the purpose of this research study, the following questions are formulated.
1. Is there any difference between secretaries of today and those of yesterday?
2. Do secretaries of today require any special training before they can be of equal status with other professionals?
3. Is there job satisfaction for secretaries of nowadays than before?
4. Is there a scope of expansion in the profession?
5. Is there any increase in secretary’s productivity nowadays?

 1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
For better understanding of this research work the following operational terms are defined.
Administration: The act of putting something into operation, the control or direction of affairs
Correspondence: Agreement between particular things, likeness, the act of exchanging letters.
Effective: Having a noticeable or desired result
Minute: To make a note on a document or notes taken during a meeting
Organization: The arrangement of points to form an effective whole. A group of people with a special purpose.
Technology: The branch of knowledge, study, mastery and utilization of manufacturing and industrial methods; systematic application of knowledge to practice industry.
Penman: The first trained professional officer
Penmanship: this is the act of writing with feathers by the penman.
Stenographer: One who has the skill of writing shorthand outlines and transcribing on the typewriter.
Automation: Use of automatic equipment and machines in handling of secretarial matters.
Scribe: Writer in ancient times.
Present Secretary: A modern secretary who is equipped with the new information technology system.
Past Secretary: All the secretaries that existed between (1940 and 1970) are known as first generation secretaries.
Secretary: According to National Secretaries Association quoted by Obodo (2001), is an executive assistant who possesses a mastery of skills; who demonstrates the ability to assume responsibilities without direct supervision, who exercises initiative and judgment and who makes decisions within the scope of assigned authority.
Chattered Secretary: A professional body that controls the activities of its members and regulates entry into the profession through a set of organized examination.