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Construction Of Shell And Tube Heat Exchanger

7 Chapters
|
45 Pages
|
5,507 Words
|
Chemical Engineering

Complete Construction Of Shell And Tube Heat Exchanger Project Materials (Chapters 1 to 5):

ABSTRACT

The aim of this project was to construct shell and tube heat exchanger with fixed boundless. A heat exchanger that would cool 5 x 5 x 10 – 3 kg/s of steam at a calculated heat load of 152 – 395/S was fabricated. The steam is to reach the heat exchanger from a distillation column at a temperature of 300k. The specification of the layout as well as the detailed mechanical design were assumed and also calculated.
It is established that a horizontal heat exchanger with cold water at the shall side and the treated steam at the tube side is adequate for this operation, with the aim of cooling the steam from the distillation column.
The available area obtained from calculation is 1.0m2 and also the overall heat transfer coefficient obtained is 4.10W/M2k. it is also seen that the heat exchanger is satisfactory and consists of five copper tubes of inside diameter 90mm and 5920mm length. The shell inside diameter 810mm and 5.770mm length. The tube and shell heat exchanger has a total length of 5820mm.
The material of construction for the shell side is stainless steel while copper tubes were used for the tubes inside.
The total cost of the heat exchanger was N12,000.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title Page
Approval page
Letter of transmitted
Dedication
Acknowledgements
Abstract
Table of contents

CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction

CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 General Design of Heat Exchanger
2.2 Tubular Heat Exchanger
2.3 Design Description of the Major Components
2.4 Tubes
2.5 Tube Bundles
2.6 Shells
2.7 Baffle
2.8 Tie Road Spacers
2.9 Pass Partition Plates

CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Fabrication Procedures
3.1 Dimensioning and Marking Out
3.2 Cutting
3.3 Folding or Rolling
3.4 Drilling operation
3.5 Assembling Process
3.6 Welding Operation
3.7 Filling
3.8 Dimensions and Parameters Derived
3.9 From the Fabrication Units

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Costing

CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Discussion

CHAPTER SIX
6.0 Conclusion
6.1 Recommendations

CHAPTER SEVEN
7.0 Notation and Nomenclature
References
Appendix
Physical Properties of Water
Calculation of the Head Load

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
In large industrial processes, it is necessary to transfer heat between the system and its surrounding and the device whose primary objective to do it efficiently and effectively is the heat exchanger.
Therefore heat transfer is defined as the rate of exchange of heat between one body (hot) and another cold.
The most important aim in the chemical engineering sector of any plant is to control the flow of thermal energy between two terminals. It there existing temperature gradient of change.
In industrial process, the heat exchange is a very important unit in all the processing industries that their design has been highly developed. Designers of heat exchanger must be constantly aware of the difference between the idealized conditions for and under which basic knowledge was obtained and the real conditions of the mechanical expressions of their design and it’s environment.
The design must satisfy process operational requirement such as availability and maintainability.
Heat transfer or thermo-kinetics is another chapter of the theoretical fundamentals of heat engineering dealing with the processes of heat propagation. In nature and engineering, the most diverce process of heat propagation are observed and also heat flow from bodies (or their section) of a lower temperature. During the process of heat transfer, from one body to another heat flow continues till their temperature became equal be come to equilibrium state of temperature.

MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER
Heat is transferred by conduction, convection and thermal radiation. In practice, heat is usually transmitted by two or all the three modes of heat transfer concurrently.

CONDUCTION
Heat conduction of simply conduction is the transfer of heat by a direct contact between the elementary particles of a body, Viz molecules, atoms, free electrons, when the bodies involved are at rest.
Pure conduction takes place in opaque or non transpired solid.
In goses, conduction occurs due to random motion of the molecules (the diffuse from high concentration region to lower region. In this made of heat transfer, it is very common with metals and thus call for high thermal conductivity. Also the heat transfer per unit area is proportional to normal temperature gradient given as:
Q = dt = (1)
A dx
Fourier postulated an expression for heat transferred by conduction called fouriers law gives by:
Q = KA dt = (2)
Dx
Where Q rate of flow of heat J/S or welts
K = Fourier’s constant
A = Area of heat transfer perpendicular to the direction of heat flow (M2).
dt/dx temperature gradient (0C or K ).

CONVECTION
This involves the transfer of heat from one body to another by the mobile particles of liquid, gas or coarse solids during their relative motion in space. Convection heat transfer can be illustrated by the transfer of heat by heated air from a stove to the upper layers of the room air. Convection consist of forced and natural convection. Forced convection is widely used in chemical processing industries. The expression below shows heat transfer by convection.
Q = KA (Ti – To) = (3)
= hA (Ti – To) = (4)
where h k/x
Q = heat transfer rate J/S or welts
K = Proportionality constant
X = Distance over which heat is transferred (m)
A = Area (M2)
Ti and To = Temperature at different point (0C or K)
h = Convection heat transfer co-efficient (w/m2k)

RADIATION
This is a process of heat transferred by electromagnetic waves through a machines which is transparent to thermal radiation. During this process, a fraction of the thermal energy of a hot body is converted into radiant energy which, when encountering an opaque body again turns partly into heat.
From the second law of thermodynamics, STEFANBOLTZ MANU prop
Proposed that heat is directly proportional to the fourth power of the temperature and the surface area.
Thus given as:
Q = AT – 4 = (5)
Where  = Stefan – Boltman constant
 = Emissivity surface
T = Absolute temperature (0C or K)
A = Area of heat transfer (M2)
Q = Heat transfer rate J/S or welt
HEAT TRANSFER EQUIPMENT
There are various types of heat exchange equipment generally defined by the function it performs in a chemical industry. Generally, heat exchange is the equipment whose primary objective is to transfer heat energy between two fluids. These equipment are classified into three categories mainly:-
(a) Regenerators
(b) Open type heat exchangers and
(c) Closed type bread exchanger or recuperations

a. REGENERATORS
These are heat exchangers in which the hot and cold fluid flow through the same space alternatively with a little physical mixing as possible occurring between the two streams. The amount of heat transferred depends on the fluid and flow properties of the fluid streams as well as the geometry and thermal properties of the surface.

b. OPEN TYPE HEAT EXCHANGERS
These are devices where by fluid stream flow into an open chamber and there the complete mixing occurs. Hot and cold fluid enter the exchanger separately and will at the other end leaves as single fluid stream.

c. RECUPERATORS OR CLOSED TYPE HEAT EXCHANGERS
They are those in which the heat transfer occurs between the two fluid stream that do not physical contact each other. The fluid streams involved are separated from one another by a tube wall or a pipe. Heat transfer occurs by convection from the hot fluid to the solid surface, by conduction through the solid surface and then by convection through solid surface to the cooler fluid.
Another classification is based on relative flow direction of the two fluid streams. They include:-
i. Parallel Flow: When the fluid stream flow in the same direction.
ii. Counter Current Flow: The fluid streams flow in opposite direction.
iii. Cross Flow: If the fluid stream flow at right angle to one another.
The other classification is based on tube construction:-
i. Double – pipe heat exchanger
ii. Shell and tube heat exchanger
iii. Extended – surface exchangers
iv. Spiral plate exchanger
v. Graphic block heat exchangers
vi. Scrap surface exchanger.

 

 

 

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The introduction of Construction Of Shell And Tube Heat Exchanger should start with the relevant background information of the study, clearly define the specific problem that it addresses, outline the main object, discuss the scope and any limitation that may affect the outcome of your findings

Literature Review of Construction Of Shell And Tube Heat Exchanger should start with an overview of existing research, theoretical framework and identify any gaps in the existing literature and explain how it will address the gaps

Methodology of Construction Of Shell And Tube Heat Exchanger should describe the overall design of your project, detail the methods and tools used to collect data explain the techniques used to analyse the collected data and discuss any ethical issues related to your project

Results should include presentation of findings and interpretation of results

The discussion section of Construction Of Shell And Tube Heat Exchanger should Interpret the implications of your findings, address any limitations of your study and discuss the broader implications of your findings

The conclusion of Construction Of Shell And Tube Heat Exchanger should include summarize the main results and conclusions of your project, provide recommendations based on your findings and offer any concluding remarks on the project.

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