Design And Construction Of An Electronic Dice Display With Audio Unit

INTRODUCTION
Instrumentation engineering has advanced widely with the introduction of medium scale integration (MSI), large scale integration (LSI) and very large scale intergration (VLSI). For purpose of accuracy and reliability, analogue instruments are being replaced by the digital ones. The electronic dice display (DD) with audio unit is among this new bread of instruments.

1.0 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
The design of an electronic dice display is invented because of the quest for reducing strenuous activities encountered by man, especially in the area of its recreational activities. This device is used in indo game. The indo game in its manual operation can be manipulated by the experts so that it can no longer be a game of chance. Sometimes players can employ tricks on their opponents when playing the game, for example, of the both players are not vigilant, one of them can event thoart the dice and claimed that nothing happened. The players too may get tired after playing two or three times because of the stress in shaking and playing the dice, the frequent hitting of the dice’s can on the ludo board can even give cracks in the glass covering the ludo board. One can even experience the dice getting cost in the game because the dice is very small so if care is not taken it can fall out from the board. All these problems were taken into consideration before constructing the electronic dice display.

1.1 PURPOSE OF STUDY
As stated earlier, the design of this device is to help man conguer his environment with the advent of medium scale integration (MSI), integrated circuits (IC) can be used to design devices. That can help man perform his work effectively, with little or no stress and even sometimes at a cheaper into. The devices too will eradieated all the stress, tricks and pranks encounted when playing ludo game.

1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The device will in crease the fun derived in play the game, even little kids can now join since they only need to press buttons for the device to work. The game will now be prvely based on chance because all bias will be eradicted no expert can manipulate the device no mater how many times you use it. The normal phenomenon of playing tricks will be in thing of the past.

1.3 SCOPE
The work covered the playing and displaying of the number got. This means that the device when switched on and start button is pressed it will be rapidly displaying the numbers, that is, all the numbers of a ludo dice but when the stop button is dressed a particular number will be shown and this is the number the player got. This means that the player still needs to get a ludo board and the seeds for the game.

1.4 LIMITATIONS
It will be an unfair treatment to this project of the discussion of limitations that handicapped this important research work is overlooked. Hence it is considered necessary for it will be a stepping stone for the improvement in further work.
The work is limited to just playing and displaying of the number got and the generation of sound though enyshasis was not laid on the sound system. Part of the limitations in this project is as a result of their non-inclusion in the scope while others are due to constraints. The design specification was to achieve an electronic dice display that can display from 1-6. also the system is not protected from wrong voltage supplies. Voltage polarities wrongly connected or supplies greater than the specified supply voltage will damage the system.
Most of the constraints were due to lack of tests with detailed information on the theory and the practice of electronic dice display (EDD). As 90% of the components are povety digital, they are not readily available on the market, some of the components especially the transistors used in sound display were not found in the market so I was forced to use the equivalents as specified in the data book and when some of these components are found they are usually very expensive.
Another problem was lack of equipment in to departmental laboratory for the execution and monitoring of the project, some of the equipment used in the other department market were bad and gave false result. The oscilloscope used was not supplicated enough to display very low frequency outputs of about 1Hz. Also lack of textbooks was another major problem. The few books seen treated components of dice display so shallowly. This calls for designing and redesigning till a working circuit was realized.

1.5 DEFINITION OF TERMS
And gate: it is a circuit which gives a high outputs (i.e logic 1= high and logic 0= low, if all inputs are high. An and gate is represented by a dot to indicate that it is a multiplicateion.
Capacitors: it provides a means of storing electrical energy in form of an electric field.
Counter: a circuit which gives output pulse for every 2 inputs pulses. If the input pulses are irregular the circuit is regarded as counter. Counters usually come as integrated circuit.
Decoder / driver; a decoder can be the reverse of on decoder circuit, there are a variety of decoders designed for specific purpose. In this case it is used as a code commerted where it is required to covert from binary coded decimal (BCD) to decimal.
Diode: Diodcs are two terminal devices which exhibit low resistance to current flow in the other.
Flipflop: it is a combinational logic that can be able to hold one bit at a time.
Latch: a catch is a combination of flipflops, in ther particular (1c7474) latch, it has a combination of 4 positive edge triggered flipflops. It changes state on receipt of an input signal but this particular latch was connected in such a way that it does not change state.
Multiobrator (astable): may are flipflop that has no stable states. It is called astable or free running multivibrator. This type of logic circuitswitches back and forth (osscilates) between unstable states. Useful for providing clock signals for asynehrorous digital circuits.
Resistors: resistor provides us with a means of controlling voltage in a circuit. I is necessary for the operation of every electonic circuit.
Seven segment display; this is a method of displaying the numberals from 0-9 by ollumenating or more elements out of the seven arranged in a form. If all the elements 1,2, 7,5 and Y are alluminated a 5 is displayed. Seven segment display is extensively need in electronic equipment e.g recoders, calculators and digital waltches.
Times: timers are used to generate continous waves or plulse frequency which is usually used in clocking the counter. The 555 times is an 8- pin deal in line package in both bipolar and CMOS forms.

Transistor: transistors are invariably silicon types and are available in either n-p-nor p-n-p forms. They are usually used for unear applications such as lower level amplification, for switching applications, high frequency application and can also be designed to handle high voltage.