Effect Of Internet On The Academic Performance Of Secondary School Students

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Increasing numbers of people worldwide are using the Internet (1,574,313,184 as of December 31, 2008). It has been recently reported that adolescents today spend a significant amount of time on the Internet for multiple purposes (Ito, Horst, Bittanti, Boyd, Herr-Stephenson, Lange, et al., 2008). Studies have indicated that the use of the Internet can be helpful to adolescents to complete schoolwork more effectively and efficiently (Borzekowski& Robinson, 2005; Jackson, et al., 2006). However, other investigators have suggested direct negative effects of Internet use on academic outcomes (Choi, 2007; Sirgy, Lee, & Bae, 2006). Excessive Internet use has been associated with problems with maintaining daily routines, school performance, and family relationships (Rickert, 2001). The Internet is a global linking of computers that allows information transfer. The Internet was established in the early 1960s by the U.S. Department of Defense (Schneider, Evans, &Pinard, 2006), primarily for military purposes. Since then, the continual improvement of the Internet technology has provided an extraordinary level of public accessibility to a wide range of forms of communication, e.g. intraorganizational and inter-organizational email; data storage, management and transfer; social websites like Facebook; text messaging such as Twitter, and so forth. Due to the development and spread of cheaper and more user-friendly computer technology and software (e.g., portable computers, Microsoft Word etc.), the use of the Internet has increased dramatically. In 2010, the world’s Internet use was 28.7% of the population. While this may not seem like a very large portion of the world’s population, the growth in the use of the Internet has been dramatic.
For example, between 2000 and 2010, the rate of growth of Internet use was 444.8% (Internet World Stats, 2010). There are many benefits associated with Internet use, such as access to needed information, worldwide access to news and events, and interpersonal communication through email. However, along with the phenomenal growth of the Internet and its use, 2 there has been a growing concern worldwide regarding the risks associated with Internet over-use (Buchholz, 2009; Daily News, 2008, 2009; Fackler, 2008; Janta, 2008; Khaosod, 2007; The Associated Press, 2009). It is now believed that there could be widespread „addiction‟ to it, in particular amongst college and secondary school students (Chou & Hsiao, 2000; Fortson, Scotti, Chen, Malone, & Del Ben, 2007; Kim, et al., 2010; Kubey, Lavin, & Barrows, 2001; Morahan-Martin & Schumacher, 2000; Scherer, 1997; H. Yan, Liu, Ni, & Chen, 2009; M. Yang et al., 2009). Internet plays a fundamental role in organizations and society. The basic fact justifies the information revolution that has been taking place across the globe in recent times. The term Internet according to Cawkell in Ogedebe (2004, p.152) is a large computer network formed out of some thousands of interconnected networks, and it supports a whole range of services such as electronic, file transfer protocol, database access and many others. It is therefore not surprising the success story behind the advent of Internet. For obvious reasons, it should be noted that the impact of Internet access on on-campus instruction is still very low for various reasons: The technology is new, very costly, and perhaps too threatening to existing academic structures and traditions. This view was supported by Brown and Duguid (1996). The influence of Internet on Academic Performance of students differs depending on population. Sanni et al (2009) in a recent study observed that there is a gender difference in internet use and thus adequate attention should be paid to ensuring equal access between male and female students. The study also establishes that the present level of capabilities for internet-assisted research is encouraging and that improving internet facilities in our universities will enhance academic research in Nigerian tertiary institutions if strategically embarked upon. A review of literature reveals that teachers and students are the most frequent users of the Internet, using it mainly for educational purposes rather than for entertainment. Several studies Oagboro, 2003; Panda and Sahu, 2003; Hanauer2004) have established a high degree of access and use of the Internet among college students. Hanauer’s (2004) report showed that 83% of Internet users had access at their homes and 51% at their colleges or libraries. Eighty-one percent of the students access the Internet mostly for college work and 80% for e-mail/chat. Mishra, Yadav and Bisht (2005) conducted a research study on the Internet usage patterns of secondary students at the G B Pant Secondary school of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar.
Their findings indicated that a majority of the students (85.7%) used the Internet, and 61.5% of the males and 51.6% of the females used it for preparing assignments. A majority of the respondents, 83.1% male and 61.3% female, indicated the slow functioning of Internet connections as a major challenge. Robinson (2005) examined Internet use among African-American college students and concluded that the use of the Internet for most of the students occurred at school or in the workplace. In 2002, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting conducted a research on children’s Internet use in the United States. Findings revealed that children experienced the equivalent of an adolescent growth in their use of the Internet between 2000 and 2002. 65% of American children ages 2-17 were observed to use the Internet from home, school, or some other location – a 59 percent growth rate since 2000, when 41 percent of children went online from any location (CTF, 2002). However, despite the usefulness of the Internet to students, several studies have examined the negative effects it could have on teens. For instance, immoral contents can be viewed in the closet, on a laptop, on a palmtop, etc. without the reservation that any other person will know about the content being consumed. According to Longe, et 01. (2007), the Internet has also served as the platform for pedophiles who take undue advantage of the innocence of children and teenagers to engage them in sex chat rooms and eventually invite them for sexual escapades. Hertlein& Piercy (2006) are of the opinion that people are using the Internet more frequently to form friendships and romances and to initiate inordinate affairs. They provided a critical review of the literature on Internet infidelity. Cheryl (2007) revealed that the average age of a child when first exposed to Internet pornography is at 11 years old, with the largest consumers of pornography in America being the 12-to-17-year old group. Almost 90 percent of eight to 16-year-olds have viewed pornography online, most while doing homework. This study aims at examining the use and miss-use of the Internet by secondary school students in Nigeria.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Despite the usefulness of the Internet to students, several studies have examined the negative effects it could have on teens. For instance, immoral contents can be viewed in the closet, on a laptop, on a palmtop, etc. without the reservation that any other person will know about the content being consumed. According to Longe, et 01. (2007), the Internet has also served as the platform for pedophiles who take undue advantage of the innocence of children and teenagers to engage them in sex chat rooms and eventually invite them for sexual escapades. Hertlein& Piercy (2006) are of the opinion that people are using the Internet more frequently to form friendships and romances and to initiate inordinate affairs. Things are changing globally, and there are different and modern ways of doing things, if the essence of the educational policy is aimed at producing man-power which can cope with the ever-changing modern world, and be part of the global village “the chalk and talk method”; hardly bringing participatory interaction method must give way to the use of innovation and technology driven which the ICT proffers.
Things are changing globally, and there are different and modern ways of doing things, if the essence of the educational policy is aimed at producing man-power which can cope with the ever-changing modern world, and be part of the global village “the chalk and talk method”; hardly bringing participatory interaction method must give way to the use of innovation and technology driven which the ICT proffers. The overwhelming and glaring features of the present educational systems and structures are the abnormal and unending deterioration if the quality of education at all level over the years. The West African Examination and National Examination Council result have constantly elicited this groin reality which seriously necessitates urgent attention. Thus it is the aim of this study to provide a template on which the revival of the educational system can be built, also to find out the impact and effects of internet on academic performance of secondary schools students through the use of ICT and as well as investigating the problems associated with the use of internet in teaching and learning process.

1.3 Objective of the Study
The main objective of this study is to find out the use of internet services and how it affects student’s performance. Specifically, the aims of the study are to
i. Find out the frequency of internet use.
ii. Find out the most preferred location of internet use. iii. Find out the purposes for browsing the internet. iv. Find out the most used internet service.
v. Find out the influence of internet use on academic performance. vi. Find out the problems faced by students during internet use.

1.4 Research Questions
The following research questions have been formulated to guide this study.
i. What is the frequency of internet use among the students?
ii. What is the most preferred location of internet? iii. What are the purposes for browsing the internet?
iv. Which is the most used internet service?
v. Does internet services influence student’s academic performance? vi. What are the problems faced by students in using internet services?

1.5 Basic assumptions
The following are the assumptions of the researcher.
i.It was assumed that students use the internet all weekdays except weekends. ii.It was assumed that students prefer to browse in the cybercafé than in the library.
iii. It was assumed that student use the internet for social networking.
iv. It was assumed that the Google search is the most used internet service by students.
v. It was assumed that the internet has affected the students positively towards their educational goal.
vi. It was assumed that illiteracy is the problem faced by students most in internet use.

1.6 Significance of the Study
The study could be beneficial for students as well as for the institution. The valuable feedback gotten from respondents should help students to realise the benefits of internet in their education. Institutes can invest more in internet facilities to enhance the academic performance of their student and produce better results. Note that the relevance of internet facilities is measured by how effective, sufficient and accessible it is to students and users. The research will also provide in-depth insight into the various internet facilities and how students can be able to use them to improve academic performance.

1.7 Scope and Delimitation of the Study
The self-report criterion is a limitation. Future research should employ more objective measures of internet use. This study covers all regular secondary studentsinSecondary school of Abuja, Nigeria. These are 100 – 400 levels student including 500 levels law. The study therefore excludes centre for distance learning and continuing education (CDL and CE) students and sandwich students. Also, the study is not restricted to any gender. It includes both male and female, and undergraduates at all level of study.

1.8.1 Abbreviations and Definition of Terms
1.8.1 Abbreviations
ICT – Information Communication Technology
ARPA- Advanced Research Project Agency
E-Commerce- This relates to commerce using electronic resources and means E-Banking-This relates to the electronic system of banking which is done in developed countries of the world.
E-Business- This relates to business transaction that is done through electronic means. Example is the internet buying and selling with credit and masters card.
E-Learning- This is the use of electronic materials and equipment’s for teaching and learning in institutions
NSF – National Science Foundation
NCES – National Centre for Education Statistics
GVU – Graphical Visualisation and Usability
WWW – World Wide Web
ICANN – Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
IETF – Internet Engineering Task Force
URL – Uniform Resource Locator

1.8.2 Definition of Terms
i. Internet: This is a combination of networks with database of information which is interconnected to serve users.
ii. Performance: this relates to the results and appraisal gotten from studying samples.
iii. Undergraduates: these are students in institutions of higher education.
iv. Information and Communication Technology (ICT): refers to computer based tools used by people to work with the information and communication processing needs of an organisation, government agencies or individuals. It covers both the software and hard ware devices that are used in the information processes.
v. Secondary school: refers to an educational institution designed for instruction, examination or both of students in many branches of advanced learning, conferring degrees in various faculties, and often embodying colleges and similar institution