Evaluaton Of Current Techniques In Diagnoses Of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Complete Evaluaton Of Current Techniques In Diagnoses Of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Project Materials (Chapters 1 to 5):
A study was carried to ascertain the potency of some techniques used in diagnosis of Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Two hundred and five samples (203) were collected from the patients from the university of Nigerian teaching hospital and was analysed using Elisa kit, which has the ability to detect antibodies and antigens in the patients serum, the Western blots were used as the confirmatory test, to the Elisa test, In case where there is false positive of Elisa test, it is specific and sensitive, Radioimmunoasay looks for the antigens which are radioactively label. The patients result shows that 154 patients out of the 205 diagnosed were negative and only 51 patients were positive. The Elisa kit were best used because of its sensitivity and specificity. It is very cheap and can be easily seen in the market, unlike the Radiommunoassay which are rare and very expensive to be used.
Title page
Certification
Acknowledgment
Dedication
Abstract
List of tables
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Hypothesis
1.2 Aims and Objectives
1.3 Statement of problem
1.4 Limitation of study
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature review
2.1 Pathogenesis of HIV infection
2.2 Epidemiology of HIV
2.3 Transmission of HIV infection
2.4 Viral replication of HIV
2.5 Symptoms of HIV infection
2.6 Life cycle of HIV
2.7 Facts about HIV/AIDS
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and Method
3.1 Current diagnosis of HIV infection
3.2 Laboratory diagnosis
3.3 Radiomminoassay
3.4 Enzymes Linked immunosorbentassay Elisa
3.5 Western blot
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results
4.1 Discussion and conclusion
References
Appendices
INTRODUCTION
The Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the virus that causes acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) a condition that slowly destroys the body Immune system and makes the body vulnerable to infections. The virus is typically called Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) because it destroys the Immune system of the individual which is responsible for protecting the individual from disease. The immunodeficiency associated with, HIV infection can be enormous, and it is the major cause of death, due to the disfucntion of immune system. The problem with AIDS is , sits neurological dementia complex. HIV is a lentivirus, a subgroup of retrovirus. The family of virus is known for lafency, persistent viremia, infection of the nervous system and weak hot immune system. Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is small ultra-microscopic organism that infect living things and uses them to make copies of itself when one’s Immune system is damaged by HIV, AIDS take place (Gallants, 1999).
HIV was first recognized in 1981 in Homosexual men in New York city. In the united states the HIV is now known to have originated from chimpanzees, transmission from chimps to human. Initially, there was wild speculation about what might be the cause of AIDs, but in 1982, the centre for disease control had convincing epidermological evidence that AIDS was caused by a new infectious agents.
Dulbecco et-al (1983, located small quantities of the new virus named Lymphademopalty virus (LAN) but enough to be used an antigenina blood test which showed that AIDS patients were infected with the virus. WHO, (19097), responded that the number of patients living with AIDS has escaculated, a figure of 9000 was confirmed by may 1997. In African AIDs was first responded in 1982. In Nigerian it was first responded in 1986, among commercial sex workers in Lagos and calabar. In 2003 the seroprevalence has been on the increase, despite the comprehensive and successful prevention effort in many part of the would, 4. 1 million new HIV infection was expected to have occurs In 2003 alone, which could have been contributed by an estimated 9,020 to 10,000 infection per day.
Currently, the health problem in Nigerian considering reports from various hospitals particularly, the tertiary hospitals, place AIDS infections in Nigerian at a very serious state. the potential and propensity for widespread is enormous and the debilitating and negative effect n the economy, the population category affected the working class and the dependents which constitute the penultimate individuals to the working class. HIV infections in this direction and orientation should be healed as a national emergency in Nigeria.
Meanwhile, Dr. Robert Gallo’s laboratory begin recovering a virus from AIDS patient, and reported the finding in the science journal. A number of these vinal isolated was introduced together into continuous cell cultures to see if a strain of the virus could replicate in the cells one did replicates and Gallo’s named the virus HILV. III because of the resemblance to two human T-lymphotropic viruses. (Neser, 2001).
By 2004, it was shown that many esymtomatic people was infected with virus and could transmits it and that the epidemic was far more extensive than previously suspected. Blood test was generally available for routine testing to donate blood. Thus markedly improving the safety of blood transfusion and products prepared from pooled blood (peiperls, 1995)
1.1 Hypothesis
H.O: There is significant difference in the result of Westernblots (WB), Enzymes Linked Immuno (Elisa) and Radiommuneoassay kit among HIV carriers.
HI: There is no significant difference in the result of Enzymes linked – immurosorbentassay (Elise), Western blots (WB), and Radommunoasay kit (RIA) among HIV carriers.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
To evalulate the current techniques used in the diagnosis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
To help recommend the best and most reliable one essaying HIV
1.3 Statement of problems
The major problem with HIV/AIDs in developing would has been the failure to set realistic priorities with respect to both research and control.
As clinical diagnosis fail to effectively by emphasis on the virus attack is they are increasing case on HIV infection. Some specific techniques are use for the diagnosis of the HIV infection.
1.4 Limitation of the study
this work is carried out in university of Nigeria Teaching hospital Enugu (UNTH). There is lack of finance in the completion of the project work, lack of the project work, lack of the availability of time also reduce the period of time used.
The introduction of Evaluaton Of Current Techniques In Diagnoses Of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) should start with the relevant background information of the study, clearly define the specific problem that it addresses, outline the main object, discuss the scope and any limitation that may affect the outcome of your findings
Literature Review of Evaluaton Of Current Techniques In Diagnoses Of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) should start with an overview of existing research, theoretical framework and identify any gaps in the existing literature and explain how it will address the gaps
Methodology of Evaluaton Of Current Techniques In Diagnoses Of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) should describe the overall design of your project, detail the methods and tools used to collect data explain the techniques used to analyse the collected data and discuss any ethical issues related to your project
Results should include presentation of findings and interpretation of results
The discussion section of Evaluaton Of Current Techniques In Diagnoses Of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) should Interpret the implications of your findings, address any limitations of your study and discuss the broader implications of your findings
The conclusion of Evaluaton Of Current Techniques In Diagnoses Of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) should include summarize the main results and conclusions of your project, provide recommendations based on your findings and offer any concluding remarks on the project.
References should List all the sources cited in Evaluaton Of Current Techniques In Diagnoses Of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) project by following the required citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago).
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