Design And Construction Of A 1Kva Solar Inverter One

ABSTRACT

This work is on design and construction of a 1KVA solar inverter. Solar inverter converts the variable direct current (DC) output of a photovoltaic (PV) solar panel into a utility frequency alternating current (AC) that can be fed into a commercial electrical grid or used by a local, off-grid electrical network. It is a critical component in a photovoltaic system, allowing the use of ordinary AC-powered equipment.

In solar inverter, Solar panels produce direct electricity with the help of electrons that are moving from negative to positive direction. Most of the appliances that we use at home work on alternative current. This AC is created by the constant back and forth of the electrons from negative to positive. In AC electricity the voltage can be adjusted according to the use of the appliance.  As solar panels only produce Direct current the solar inverter is used to convert the DC to AC.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page

Approval Page

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Table of Content

CHAPTER ONE

1.0      Introduction

1.1      Objective of the project

1.2      purpose of the project

1.3     significance of the project

1.4      limitation of the project

CHAPTER TWO

2.0     Literature review

2.1      Historical background of photovoltaic cell

2.2         Theoretical review of solar cell

2.3          Review of solar cell efficiency

2.4      Review of solar cell materials

2.5      Review of early inverters

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     Construction

3.1      Basic designs of a solar inverter

3.2      block diagram of the system

3.3      Description of solar inverter units

3.4      Modified sine wave power solar inverter circuit using ic 4093

3.5      Circuit operation

 3.6      Description of components used

3.7      How to choose the best inverter battery

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULT ANALYSIS

4.0      Construction Procedure and Testing

4.1      Casing and Packaging

4.2      Assembling of Sections

4.3      Testing of System Operation

4.4      Cost Analysis

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0      Conclusion

5.1      Recommendation

5.2      References

 CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                                        INTRODUCTION

Solar panels produce direct electricity with the help of electrons that are moving from negative to positive direction. Most of the appliances that we use at home work on alternative current. This AC is created by the constant back and forth of the electrons from negative to positive. In AC electricity the voltage can be adjusted according to the use of the appliance.  As solar panels only produce Direct current the solar inverter is used to convert the DC to AC.

An inverter produces square waves or a sine wave which can be used for running lights, televisions, lights, motors etc. However these inverters also produce harmonic distortion. Expensive inverters make use of lots of steps to produce a sine wave and thus are found in residential solar inverters. Basically inverters should be a large one so that it supplies enough power to all the necessary appliances.

Many people using solar inverters these days which prove that its necessity has been increased in the current years. A Solar inverter is similar to a normal electric inverter but uses the energy of the Sun, that is, Solar energy. A solar inverter helps in converting the direct current into alternate current with the help of solar power. Direct power is that power which runs in one direction inside the circuit and helps in supplying current when there is no electricity. Direct currents are used for small appliance like mobile e phones, MP3 players, IPod etc. where there is power stored in the form of battery. In case of alternative current it is the power that runs back and forth inside the circuit. The alternate power is generally used for house hold appliances. A solar inverter helps devices that run on DC power to run in AC power so that the user makes use of the AC power. If you are thinking why to use solar inverter instead of the normal electric one then it is because the solar one makes use of the solar energy which is available in abundant from the Sun and is clean and pollution free.

Solar inverters are also called as photovoltaic solar inverters. These devices can help you save lot of money.  The small-scale grid  one have just two components i.e. the panels and inverter while  the off grid systems are complicated and consists of batteries which allows users to use appliances during the night when there is no Sunlight available.  The solar panel and the batteries that are placed on rooftops attract Sun rays and then convert the Sunlight into electricity. The batteries too grab the extra electricity so that it can then be used to run appliances at night.

1.1                                             OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

The main objective of the study is to design and construct a device that can collect an input dc voltage from the solar panel and convert it to 220vac output which can be use to power ac appliances. This device delivers an output power of 1kva to a load.

1.2                                              PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT

The purpose of a solar inverter is to transform direct current (DC) generated by a PV system into alternating current (AC), which can be sent into an AC appliances. These inverters can be used either in concert with battery systems or to directly power certain devices. They also tend to have a few identifying features that are specifically intended to be used with Photo Voltaic arrays, such as maximum power point tracking (MPPT).

1.3                                         SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

• Solar energy has always helped in reducing global warming and green house effect.
• Also use of solar energy helps in saving money many people have started using solar based devices
• A solar inverter helps in converting the Direct current into batteries or alternative current. This helps people who use limited amount of electricity.
• There is this synchronous solar inverter that helps small homeowners and power companies as they are large in size
• Then there is this multifunction solar inverter which is the best among all and works efficiently. It converts the DC power to AC very carefully which is perfect for commercial establishments
• This inverter is cost effective i.e. less expensive than generators
• Apart from solar inverters there are other devices too that make use of solar energy namely, solar cooker, heater.
• Solar inverters are the best way and they are better than the normal electric ones. Also their maintenance does not cost much money

1.4                                           LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

• Initially you need to shell out a lot of money for buying a solar inverter
• It will work effectively and produce direct current only when the Sunlight is strong.
• The solar panels that are used to attract Sunlight requires lots of space
• The device can work efficiently only if the presence of the Sun is strong.

• Repair costs increase as components are more sophisticated and as a result, more expensive. They require more effort to build or repair.
• Response Time: The inverter shall respond to any line voltage variation in 1/2 cycle while operating linear or non-linear loads, with a load power factor of 0.60 of unity. Peak detection of the voltage sine wave shall not be permitted to avoid inaccurate tap switching due to input voltage distortion.
• Operating Frequency: The inverter shall be capable of operating at +10% to -15% of the nominal frequency, 50Hz.
• Rating: this device shall be rated at 1kVA.
• Access Requirements: The inverter shall have removable panels on the front, rear and sides as required for ease of maintenance and/or repair.
• Metering: An input meter is provided to display line voltages.
• Ventilation: The inverter isolation transformer shall be designed for convection cooling. If fan cooling is required for the MOSFET used.

1.5                                               TYPES OF INVERTER

Inverters can be categorized the following ways:

– Stand-alone (also known as Off-Grid):

Used in isolated systems where the inverter draws its DC energy from batteries charged by solar arrays and/or other sources, such as wind turbines, hydro turbines etc.  Normally these do not interface in any way with the utility grid, and as such are not required to have anti-islanding protection.

– Grid-Tied:

These systems match their phase with a utility-supplied sine wave.  Grid-tie inverters are designed to shut down automatically upon loss of utility supply (referred to as anti-islanding protection).  They do not provide backup power during utility outages.  In Ontario, any solar arrays that feed the utility grid (under the FIT/microFIT programs for example), are required to have anti-islanding protection.

– Battery Backup:

These are special inverters which are designed to draw energy from a battery, manage the battery charge via an onboard charger, and export excess energy to the utility grid.  These inverters are capable of supplying AC energy to selected loads during a utility outage, and are required to have anti-islanding protection.