Design And Construction Of A 2-Way Traffic Lighting System Using Pic16F877A

ABSTRACT

This project work is on design and construction of a 2-way traffic lighting system. A 3-way Traffic light is signaling device positioned at 2-way road intersections, pedestrian crossings and other locations to control competing flows of traffic.

In this project we will operate three LEDs (RED, YELLOW, and GREEN) according to the traffic rules. Illumination of the green light allows traffic to proceed in the direction denoted, Illumination of the yellow light denoting, if safe to do so, prepare to stop short of the intersection, and Illumination of the red signal prohibits any traffic from proceeding.

The purpose of this project work is to design and construction a 2-way traffic light device that can be used to control the flow of traffic at 2-way road intersection using PIC16f877A.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER PAGE

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1      GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

• OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
• PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
• PROBLEM AND LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
• SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
• PROJECT ORGANIZATION

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

• HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
• REVIEW OF 2-WAY JUNCTION
• TRAFFIC LIGHT MOUNTING
• TYPES OF TRAFFIC LIGHT

CHAPTER THREE

SYSTEM DESIGN

• DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM BUILDING BLOCK
• SYSTEM DESIGN SPECIFICATION
• BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM
• DESCRIPTION OF THE OVERALL OPERATION OF THE SYSTEM
• LIST AND DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM COMPONENTS
• COMPLETE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF A 2-WAY TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROL

CHAPTER FOUR

• IMPLEMENTATION, TESTING AND RESULTS
• CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING
• INSTALLATION OF THE COMPLET DESIGN
• CASING AND PACKAGING
• ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
• TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION
• PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED

CHAPTER FIVE

• COST OF ANALYSIS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

1.1                                                        INTRODUCTION

The trend in electronics is tending into digital electronics which make it possible for the birth of computers, digital communication systems like GSM, and industrial automation.

This is the main reason why we have chosen a project topic on the design and construction of an automatic 2-way traffic light control.

This system has always been right from the advent of digital electronics in Nigeria.

Our own project design is the miniature type that employs six (7) light emitting diodes (LED) as the visual display unit (VDU).

7-segment LED displays are used to show the current count value. Since all of the traffic lights are working simultaneously, each one is to display a different digit than the other. When a traffic light is tuned green, its corresponding 7-segment displays start counting down from a specific value and decrements until zero is reached. After this the counter starts by a new count value at the moment the yellow light turns on. When the red light turns on after the yellow took its time, the count continues to decrement until reaching zero. This means that the same 7-segments, on each traffic light, are used to display the count when cars are allowed and not allowed to pass. In terms of counting, the yellow and red are considered one set while the green is another set.

1.2                                                      DESIGN OBJECTIVE

The objective of this project is to design a traffic light control system. This traffic light controller is used at the intersection that consists of a two side roads. A four way traffic light control system with count down timers is to be designed and constructed. The system is to be developed with the PIC16f877A chip being the microcontroller that is programmed to do the task of controlling

1.3                                              PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT

The primary purpose of the traffic light is to attain the safest and most efficient overall traffic flow possible. When properly timed, a traffic signal increases the traffic handling capacity of an intersection, and when installed under conditions that justify its use, a signal is a valuable device for improving the safety and efficiency of both pedestrian and vehicular traffic. In particular, signals may reduce certain types of accidents, most notably, right-angle (broadside) collisions.

1.4                                         SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

The project design work signifies a lot in modern industrial electronics.

This design that replaced the manually used agent which is the traffic warden positioned at different traffic junctions.

In most developed towns in Nigeria, this system is employed at every 2-way junction, so that traffic jam or hold up will be highly controlled and also accidents at this junction are highly minimized.

In advance countries, the type of traffic light employed are inform of robot whose eyes serves as the visual display unit (VDU) when the traffic rule is violated the error detector is effected by the mechanical action of the robot.

1.5                            PROBLEM AND LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

Traffic lights were designed to organize the way in which people and cars utilize an intersection, reducing accidents and encouraging the flow of traffic. However, many problems have been found in the traffic light system, from decreasing one type of accident while significantly increasing another to adding traffic to residential streets viz:

Increase in Accidents

Traffic lights can “significantly increase” the number or rear-end collisions at an intersection. Rear-end collisions occur when one car stops and the vehicle behind him does not, colliding into the stopped car. The traffic signal works correctly for the car that actually stopped at the intersection. However, the second car either fails to recognize the stopped car or fails to stop at an appropriate distance to avoid the collision.

Delay

Traffic lights ensure vehicles proceed through the intersection in an orderly fashion. Before traffic lights, however, there was typically one street (out of the two that make up an intersection) that dominated. Once traffic lights were installed, the dominant street began to share equal time with its cross street. As a result, many areas began to experience congestion on one street during hours of heavy traffic, making traffic delays another disadvantage of traffic lights.

Diverted Congestion

To avoid congestion, drivers will use alternative routes, usually residential streets. This is another disadvantage of traffic lights. As drivers cut through residential areas to avoid the congested stoplight, the congestion on those streets increases, especially when intersections are regulated by a yield or two-way stop sign. The overload causes premature wear on residential streets and inconveniences residents of the area.

Civil Disobedience

Frustration with traffic lights is already high among drivers during hours of heavy congestion. Thus, a malfunctioning traffic light or one that stays on red for a few seconds longer than usual can often inflame drivers. The result is an increase in accidents from cars moving when the traffic light signals them to stop.

1.6                                                 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

This traffic light is made with the help of counter IC, which is mainly used for Sequential Circuits. We can also call it as Sequential Traffic Lights. Sequential Circuits are used to count the numbers in the series.

Low power LEDs are used for every traffic light with different colors, namely red, yellow and green. The red LED indicates “stop driving”, the yellow LED indicates “start stopping” and the green LED indicates “drive”. The sequence of altering the LEDs according to their color is as shown in the figure below: Green-Yellow-Red-Green. Twelve LEDs are used; three to each traffic light.

7-segment LED displays are used to show the current count value. Since all of the traffic lights are working simultaneously, each one is to display a different digit than the other. When a traffic light is tuned green, its corresponding 7-segment displays start counting down from a specific value and decrements until zero is reached.

1.7                                        PROJECT WORK ORGANIZATION

The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:

Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to a 2-way traffic lighting system. In this chapter, the background, significance, objective limitation and problem of a 2-way traffic lighting system were discussed.

Chapter two is on literature review of a 2-way traffic lighting system. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.

Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.

Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.

Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.