Design And Construction Of An Automatic Fire Extinguisher And Alarm

ABSTRACT

Fire disaster is a common threat to lives and property. An automatic fire extinguishing and alarm system strategy provides real time monitoring, exploration and programmed fire alarm. This paper presents the design of a low cost, robust and secure fire protection system for buildings .It sends early alarm when the fire occurs and helps to reduce the fire damage. This system consists of a smoke detector whose outputs are connected to the controller. The system takes into account the density of smoke and thus the probability of false alarms can be avoided. A 555 timer IC is considered here to control the total arrangement and the test results through hardware prototype show that the validity of proposed approach which achieves design requirements as well as increase system reliability.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION
• BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
• PROBLEM STATEMENT
• AIM/OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
• APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
• SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
• PROJECT ORGANISATION

METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0      LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1      HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

2.2     REVIEW OF AUTOMATIC FIRE EMERGENCY

2.3      REVIEW OF TYPES OF FIRE ALARM SYSTEM

2.4      REVIEW OF FIRE ALARM DESIGN

2.5      REVIEW OF FIRE ALARM PARTS

2.6      REVIEW OF FIRE ALARM INITIATING DEVICES

2.7      FIRE ALARM NOTIFICATION APPLIANCES

2.8      FIRE EXTINGUISHER

CHAPTER THREE

3.0      METHODOLOGY

3.1      BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM

3.2      MATERIALS USED

3.3      CONTROL ALGORITHM

3.4      HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

3.5      CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

3.6      SYSTEM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

3.7      CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1            RESULT ANALYSIS

4.1      CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING

4.2      CASING AND PACKAGING

4.3      ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS

4.4      TESTING OF SYSTEM

CHAPTER FIVE

• CONCLUSIONS
• RECOMMENDATION

REFERENCES

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                                        INTRODUCTION

1.1                                           BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

In our country fire accident is a very common phenomenon. Many wealth and lives are fallen in danger. As a developing country we have no modern technology to solve this problem. The main sector of fire brigade has limitation to overcome it. Sometimes police, military come to the firing spot to help them. But this is not enough. If an automatic fire extinguishing system available, offers greater flexibility (Khan et al., 2012).

In conventional automatic fire-extinguishing systems utilizing a fire-extinguishing gas, a bomb containing a fire-extinguishing gas, such as halon gas, under pressure is provided at a location. Several gas jetting nozzles are arranged at desired locations within a region when a fire occurs therein. The gas jetting nozzles are connected through a valve and a pipe to the bomb. Fire sensors are arranged at desired locations within the region. In response to a fire signal from the fire sensors, the valve is opened to cause fire-extinguishing gas to jet from the gas jetting nozzles into the region so that automatic extinguishing can be effected therein (Huo et al., 2010).

However, since such conventional automatic fire-extinguishing systems require a complicated system of gas pipes from a gas bomb to the gas jetting nozzles, the cost and installation of the pipes is expensive. Moreover, since the gas pipes are fixedly arranged in the walls, ceiling etc., of a room defining a region, it is not easy to remove the gas pipes and to change the arrangement of the gas jetting nozzles. Furthermore, the gas bomb to be used must have a capacity comparable with the space of the region and therefore, gas bombs having different capacities must be prepared for different regions. This is very uneconomical (Huo et al., 2010).

To eliminate the drawbacks of the above-mentioned conventional fire extinguishing system a Portable automatic fire protection system is disclosed comprising battery powered, independent suppressor units, each including a supply of fire extinguishing fluid and a fire detector. The connection of the individual unit’s control circuits provides a control circuit network that automatically initiates an extinguishing fluid discharge from all units in response to fire detection by any single unit (Chen et al., 2014).

The main object of this paper is to provide an automatic fire-extinguishing and alarm system which eliminates the above described disadvantages of the prior arts, and to enable easy installation or removal of the system in or from a region wherein automatic fire-extinguishing should be effected (Chen et al., 2014) and to allow a flexible arrangement of gas jetting nozzles according to the size and shape of the region.

The main part of this task is the involvement of a 555 timers (Lee et al., 2014) which may be considered to be the nucleus of the whole system. We established a closed loop feedback system with 555 timer which senses the smoke detector signal and send it to the solenoid valve through some control circuits to maintain the magnitude of temperature to a certain level.

1.2                                            STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The Nigerian environment is considered to be hazards prone brought about by man-made and natural disasters due to its geographic circumstance which is exposed to catastrophic, floods droughts and fires. Based on the reports; devastations of these natural hazards and disasters including fires have increased in recent years. Our lifestyle of negligence and adapting to emerging technological solutions puts us at the risk of loss to fire and related occurrences as seen in markets, homes and other public places. The risk of fire occurrence is high especially during the dry season, Christmas and New Year celebration due to firecrackers. In the case where house fires are prevalent, it has effect to derail the economic growth, destroy social and physical capital including infrastructures, which resort to reallocation of ongoing programs to finance relief operations to fatalities and inhabitants and reconstruction efforts which diverts funds to social services. Fires are considered natural and man-made hazards. This project aimed at giving a technical solution to the mentioned problem. This device is design to carry out a complex series of actions automatically. The device has a fire extinguishing unit added on to it. This extinguishing unit is controlled using a smoke sensor, the flame sensor detects the fire and gives the further signal to the extinguisher units to trigger the extinguisher valve and spray the extinguishing substance.

1.3                                    AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main aim of this work is to build a device that will detect the presence of fire in an environment with an alarm and triggers a fire extinguisher using a smoke sensor. The objectives of this work are:

1. To provide an automatic fire-extinguishing system which eliminates
2. To detects the fire and gives the further signal to the extinguisher units to trigger the pump and spray the water.

• To automatically respond to fire accident.

1.4                                         APPLICATIONS OF THE PROJECT

• It is used in hazardous
• Useful in controlling fire at extreme places where human being cannot reach, and in places like: Libraries, Museums, Showrooms, Shops, Offices, Residential premises, Workshops, Garages, Paint Booths, Theaters, Radio Rooms, TV Stations etc.

1.5                                           SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

To the student, working on this project will grant knowledge about an automatic detection and suppression system together in a single unit quite unlike any other system available in the market, because it has an automatic, hence no human involvement, reducing the chances of injury and accidents to virtually zero.

To commercial users, this work is used security purpose which at the end will built confidence in them.

1.6                                                 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The scope of this work covers building a device that provides an extinguishable platform. A 555 timer IC is wired as a monostable is used for detection of fire and triggering of fire extinguisher. When the fire is detected and a relay triggers the extinguishing valve. H21A1 smoke sensor is used to detect the fire.

1.7                                                        METHODOLOGY

To achieve the aim and objectives of this work, the following are the steps involved:

1. Study of the previous work on the project so as to improve it efficiency.
2. Draw a block diagram.

• Test for continuity of components and devices,

1. Design and calculation for the work was carried out.
2. Studying of various component used in circuit.
3. Construct the whole circuit.

• Finally, the whole device was cased and final test was carried out.

1.8                                     PROJECT ORGANISATION

The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work,   chapter two presents the literature review of the study,  chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.