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Design Of A Turbine Runner

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ABSTRACT

Use of renewable energy has been of great interest since last few years, especially the hydropower energy. Usually electricity is generated from hydropower energy, which is obtained from potential pressure heads, water discharge and hydro sites. Based on the location constraints, different types of hydro turbines can be designed and developed to generate electricity. The primary concern is to reduce the dependency on fossil fuels and increase the use of renewable power in rural areas. In this paper, designing of Kaplan turbine runner mechanism was discussed.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER PAGE

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWELDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER ONE

1.0Â Â Â INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
AIM OF THE PROJECT
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
APPLICATIONS OF TURBINE RUNNER
DISADVANTAGE OF KAPLAN TURBINE

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

REVIEW OF THE STUDY
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF HYDROPOWER GENERATION
REVIEW OF PREVIOUS WORK ON KAPLAN TURBINE DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION
PROPOSED WORK
CLASSIFICATION OF TURBINES
TURBINES IN HYDROPOWER
MAIN COMPONENTS OF KAPLAN TURBINE
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF KAPLAN TURBINE

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

THEORETICALDESIGN
TURBINE BLADEDESIGN
COORDINATETRANSLATION
DESIGNING OF THE GUIDE VANES
CFD ANALYSIS
CFD SOLVING SETUP
LIMITATIONS

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULT AND DISCUSSION
OPTIMIZATION OF THE RUNNER WHEEL WITH CFD
COMPARISON OF THEORETICAL AND CFD OPTIMIZED DESIGNS

CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION
RECOMMENDATION
REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

1.0Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â INTRODUCTION

1.1Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Hydropower, generated mainly from hydroelectric dams, is a clear, green, and sustainable source of energy that produces cheaper electricity and lowers carbon emissions. Because of its high energy density, hydropower is the most efficient and most primarily available renewable power source to produce electricity [7]. In order to obtain greater efficiency, hydraulic turbines installed in the hydroelectric power plants have to be suitable, depending on the discharge of the site and head. There are a lot of hydraulic turbines available which are generally classified into two categories:

1] Impulse turbines

2] Reaction turbines

A hydraulic turbine in which all hydraulic energy of water gets converted into kinetic energy before the water reaches to the runner of the turbine is called impulse turbine. While in case of reaction turbine, some amount of available hydraulic energy is converted into kinetic energy before it strikes on the runner of the turbine. For flow head range available at the chosen site, reaction turbine is well suited. Reaction turbines include Propeller, Kaplan, and Francis turbine [2].

1.2Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â AIM OF THE PROJECT

There are different types of turbine runners or turbine blade, and all of them are made to achieve the same purpose of generating electricity in hydro-power plants. The main aim of this work is to design Kaplan type of turbine runner.

1.3Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

Turbine blade is the most widely used turbine in hydro-power plants to generate electricity. Mixed flow turbine is also used in irrigation water pumping sets to pump water from ground for irrigation. It is efficient over a wide range of water head and flow rate. It is most efficient hydro-turbine we have till date.

Â Â 1.4Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â APPLICATIONS OF TURBINE RUNNER

Kaplan turbines are widely used throughout the world for electrical power production.
It can work more efficiently at low water head and high flow rates as compared with otherÂ types of turbines.
It is smaller in size andÂ easy to construct.
The efficiency of Kaplan turbine is very high as compares with other hydraulic turbine.

1.5Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â DISADVANTAGE OF KAPLAN TURBINE

The only disadvantage of kaplan turbine is cavitation, which occurs due to pressure drop in draft tube. Use of draft tube and proper material generally stainless steel for the runner blades may reduce the cavitation problem to a greater extent.