Investigation Of The Spatial And Temporal Variation Of Sediment Yield And Surface Runoff In Offa Watershed, Kwara State
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ABSTRACT
In this research, an hydrological modelling tool, soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) used to investigate the spatial and temporal variation of sediment yield in a watershed. The model was run for 31years using spatial data such as Digital Elevation Model, soil map, land use and precipitation, wind and solar radiation. The results showed that the maximum value ofsurface Runoff was estimated as 19100.034mm in the year 2005 while the minimum surface Runoff was 1000.671mm in the year 20017. The maximum value of sediment yield was estimated as 2340.532mm in the 2005 and the minimum value was estimated as 34.769mm in the year 2003
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page                                                                                         Â
Certification                                                                                       ii
Dedication                                                                                          iii
Acknowledgement                                                                               iv
Abstract                                                                                            v
Table of content                                                                                 vi
List of Figures                                                                                     ix
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1    Introduction                                                                             1
1.2    Problem Statement                                                                    2
1.3    Aims & Objectives                                                                     2
1.4    Justification                                                                              3
1.5    Scope of Study                                                                          3
1.6    Description of Study Area                                                           3
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0    Literature Review                                                                      5
2.1    Sediment Source Analytical Techniques                                        5
2.2    Sediment Yield Measurements                                                     6
2.3    Field Measurements of Sediment Yield                                          7
2.4    Sediment Yield Modeling                                                            7
2.5    Brief Description of Selected Hydrology Models                                      8
2.5.1Â RIBASIMÂ Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â 8
2.5.2Â WEAPÂ Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â 9
2.5.3 Realm Resource Allocation Model                                                9
2.5.4 HSPF Model                                                                              10
2.5.5 AGNPS Model                                                                                     10
2.5.6 SWAT Models                                                                            11
2.6    SWAT Model Description                                                            11
2.7    Water Shed Hydrological Modeling.                                            11
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY
3.0    Methodology                                                                             13
3.1    Model Selection and Description                                                  13
3.2    Model Input Data                                                                      14
3.3Â Â Â Â Digital Elevation Model (DEM)Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â 14
3.4    Soil Map                                                                                  15
3.5    Weather Data                                                                            16
3.6    SWAT Model Set-up and Run                                                      16
3.7    Water Shed Delineation                                                             16
3.8    Land use map of the watershed                                                   17
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.0 RESULTSÂ Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â 19
4.1 Temporal Variation of total means for surface runoff                         19
4.2 Temporal variation of total means for sediment yield                        20
4.3    Temporal variation of annual means for sediment yield                  21
4.4    Temporal variation of annual means for surface runoff                   21
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.0 Conclusion                                                                                    23
5.1 Recommendation                                                                           23
References                                                            Â
LIST OF FIGURES
| Figure | Description | Page No. |
| 1.1
1.2 1.3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Â Â |
Map of Nigeria
Offa watershed Kwara State Map Technical workflow of the study Digital elevation model of the study area The Soil map of the study area
Watershed delineation
Land use map
Temporal variation of surface Runoff
Temporal Variation of annual means for sediment yield Temporal Variation of annual means for sediment yield Temporal variation of annual Means |
4
4 4 13 15 15
17
17
18
19
20
21 |
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
Water is an integral part of life, as human beings derived from the environment several services that are necessary for the survival, Water is one of the basic needs that human beings cannot live without; indeed water is life! Therefore, water-related (hydrological) ecosystem services provided by the environment (e.g provision, regulation and purification of freshwater) are quite valuable and important for human well-being. This underscores the importance of sound watershed management for continued provision of hydrological ecosystem services. From a hydrological point of view, a watershed includes all land contributing water (surface and ground water) to a reference point.
It is therefore obvious that land comprising of any watershed would generally be under other uses such as forests, agriculture and urban centers, which might commonly be considered ‘primary’ land uses. This means that watersheds provide other important ecosystem services, beside provision of hydrological ecosystem services. In some cases, enhanced provision of some ecosystem services may also lead to reduced capacity of watersheds to provide other services e.g. intensive cultivation to maximize food production may also lead to increase in soil erosion and consequently degradation of water quality.
Sediment yield is the amount at a point of interest in a particular period of time which occur due to heavy rainfall, are normally as tones per year or kilogram per year.
A large part of failure to achieve reasonable estimates of average annual sediment lies in particles of extrapolating relationship derived from field data with no consideration of appropriateness for future conditions.
Sediment yield is affected by many factors such as climate, soil, relief, vegetation and human influence. Runoff refers to as the part of water cycle that flow over land as surface water.
Runoff has been used as a variable representing climatic conditions and includes not only the water that travel over the land surface and through channels to reach a stream but also interflow, the water that infiltrates the soil surface and travels by means of gravity toward a stream channel.
In this study offa water shed is simulated to predict the surface runoff and sediment yield. The spatial and temporal variation obtained can be used as a decision support tool in the management of the water shed.
1.2Â Â PROBLEM STATEMENT
Recent flooding issues in Nigeria as a result of excessive rainfall has resulted into runoff and sediment yield in the area. Therefore in order to manage the water shed sustainability, it is necessary to predict the variation of sediment yield and runoff in the area which can serve as a data base in managing the watershed.
1.3Â Â Â Â AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The aim of the research was to investigate the spatial and temporal variation of sediment yield and runoff in Offa watershed.Specific objectives achieved are:
- Predict the surface runoff and sediment into watershed
- Develop temporal variation map of sediment yield and runoff
- Develop spatial variation map of sediment yield and runoff
1.4Â Â Â Â JUSTIFICATION
The Spatial and temporal variation of sediment yield and runoff in the catchment area can serve as a decision support tools to water managers in the area to plan a sustainable management of the water shed.
1.5Â Â Â Â SCOPE OF STUDY
The scope of the work was limited to the study of temporal variation of sediment using temporal data of 31years from 1986 to 2016. the analysis was based on preliminary modeling results obtained from digital elevation model (DEM) land use and soil map to predict the optimum variation of sediment yield and runoff generation in Offa water shed.
1.6Â Â Â Â DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA
Offa water shed is located in offa local government area of kwara state Nigeria. It is one of the main water supply in its locality, it is about 43km from Ilorin the capital of kwara state it fall within the latitude 8.1393o N and 4.71740 E. The map  is shown in figure 1.1-1.3
| Figure 1.2:Kwara State Map |
| Figure 1.3: Offa Water Shed |
| Figure 1.1: Map of Nigeria |
Â
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0Â Â Â Â CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONÂ
5.1Â Â Â Â Conclusion
In this research, SWAT model was successfully applied to stimulate surface runoff and sediment yield at Offa water shed, Kwara State.
The investigation of spatial distribution for sediment yield and surface runoff show that the maximum surface runoff was obtained as 19100.034mm in the year 2005 and also the minimum value of total means was obtained as 1000.673 in the year 2007. The maximum sediment yield was obtained as 2340.532mm in the year 2005. Also the minimum value was obtained as 34.769mm in the year 2003.
5.2Â Â Â Â Recommendation
Further research to be carried out on the validation and calibration of the model to improve the model performance.
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